![]() ![]() The monomers combine using covalent bonds to form Polymers - larger molecules, releasing water molecules as byproducts. Most macromolecules are made from single subunits called Monomers. Bond development of monomers Dehydration Synthesis: Covalent bonds’ key properties include: they are very powerful chemical bonds they rarely break spontaneously after formation most compounds having covalent bonds display relatively low melting points and boiling points. ![]() The covalent bonds are also called molecular bonds. The pair of electrons participating in this type of bonding is called a shared pair or bonding pair. These properties include electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, malleability and ductility, metallic luster, high melting and boiling point.Ī covalent bond is formed by the equal sharing of electrons from both the participating atoms. Metallic bonding imparts properties to metals, which are of commercial significance. Metallic bonds are observed in pure metals, alloys, and some metalloids. The four primary types of chemical bonds are Ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and polar bonds.Ī metallic bond is a chemical bond formed between atoms in a metallic element. The chemical bonds formed change in strength and properties. The chemical bonds ensure that the atoms remain together in the resulting compound. Chemical bond, metallic bond, and covalent bond types:Ī chemical bond is the formation of a chemical bond between two or more atoms, molecules, or ions, which results in a chemical compound. They help in the formation of the cell membrane, formation of hormones, and store fuel. Lipids comprise triglycerides, carotenoids, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipids: Lipids are a hydrophobic set of macromolecules because they do not dissolve in water. Lipids and carbohydrates are non-existent without proteins because the enzymes used for their synthesis are proteins themselves.Ĥ. Proteins: Proteins are the polymers of amino acids, including the carboxylic and the amino group. DNA is synthesized into RNA and proteins.ģ. All hereditary or genetic information is stored in the DNA. Nucleotides are further comprised of a pentose group, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base group. Nucleic Acids: The nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, which are the polymers of nucleotides. Carbohydrates are found in starch, fruits, vegetables, milk, and sugars.Ģ. They are further classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are polymers of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. ![]() Macromolecules are broadly classified as:ġ. What are macromolecules?īiological macromolecules are very large molecules formed due to the polymerization of smaller molecules called monomers. These organic bio-polymers can further be classified into four broad categories of macromolecules. These smaller units, called monomers, are combined to make Polymers. These larger molecules then combine to form a chain. Repeating units of these polymers combine to form a polymer, i.e., a larger molecule. Monomers are the smaller sub-units that combine to form a polymer. Based on his observations, he established that these biological macromolecules result from the linkage of two kinds of bio-molecules, monomers and polymers. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his contribution to molecular sciences. The term biological macromolecules were first coined in the 1920s by a Molecular Scientist named Herman Staudinger. To carry out the organ system's development and nourishment, these biological macromolecules or Bio-Macromolecules act as “building blocks.” They facilitate optimum development, growth, and functioning in practically all life forms. The nutrients are synthesized by all life forms at the cellular level. Living organisms require nutrients for the functioning and development of their organ systems. ![]()
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